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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><img width="594" height="172" style="width:6.1875in;height:1.7916in" id="Image_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01DB9E4E.72676CE0"></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:#C8102E;mso-ligatures:none">Carbon Dioxide Leakage from CO2 Disposal Aquifers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-ligatures:none">Zhan Manap<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">April<span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">
</span>7,<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"> </span>2025;<span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">
</span>11:00<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"> </span>AM<span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">
</span>-<span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> </span>12:00<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span>PM<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(CST)</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">Location:<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span>Room<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span>124;<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>Tech<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span>Bridge<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>Bldg.<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.5pt">9<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:ideograph-other"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ligatures:none"><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://zoom.us/j/96531622478?pwd=9eMqm8A4JgLpEXCze1BK7nOc2dqyKF.1__;!!LkSTlj0I!FWT-aEEzlK8DXLLdMgylW0UXf47iGEmLHqZBwOagqA5fUTV_-F0kqVtdOPJJeZBqlWqmP8f1nH-YcJ4gx6erJ8kqM9k$"><span style="color:blue">Zoom Meeting Link</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ligatures:none">Meeting ID: 965 3162 2478<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ligatures:none">Passcode: Tmfv13<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">Committee<span style="letter-spacing:-.55pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Chair:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">S.<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span>M.<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"> </span>Farouq<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span>Ali,<span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Ph.D.
</span>| Guan Qin, Ph.D.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">Committee<span style="letter-spacing:-.55pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Members:</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-.15pt;mso-ligatures:none"></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">Kyung<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span>Jae Lee, Ph.D. | James J. Sheng,<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"> </span>
Ph.D.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:8.1pt;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:20.0pt;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#C8102E;letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-ligatures:none">Abstract</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:1.9pt;text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a critical technology for reducing atmospheric CO</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ligatures:none">©ü</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">
emissions by storing CO</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ligatures:none">©ü</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none"> in deep disposal aquifers.
However, the long-term effectiveness of CCS remains uncertain due to the potential for CO</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ligatures:none">©ü</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">
leakage through low permeability cap rock, faults, and abandoned wells. This study investigates the risks associated with CO</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ligatures:none">©ü</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">
leakage from disposal aquifers over extended periods based on numerical simulations using tNavigator.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">A three-dimensional geological model was developed with realistic reservoir properties, including permeability, porosity, and cap rock integrity. The simulations
examined various leakage pathways: (1) through low permeability cap rock, (2) via faulted reservoirs, and (3) through abandoned wells. CO</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ligatures:none">©ü</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">
plume migration, pressure evolution, and trapping mechanisms—including structural, residual, solubility, and mineral trapping—were analyzed over a 1,000-year monitoring period.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:24.3pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:20.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:135%;text-autospace:none">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">The results indicate that although the cap rock initially acts as a containment barrier, gradual leakage occurs over extended time periods. Faults, even with low
permeability, act as conduits for CO</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ligatures:none">©ü</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none"> migration,
significantly increasing leakage risks. The most severe leakage occurs through abandoned wells, where CO</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ligatures:none">©ü</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">
escapes directly into overlying formations, emphasizing the importance of proper well sealing and monitoring. Additionally, pH variations and gas saturation maps highlight regions of CO</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-ligatures:none">©ü</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">
accumulation and potential environmental impact.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none">These findings challenge the assumption that CCS provides completely secure carbon storage. They underscore the necessity for robust site selection, continuous
monitoring, and adaptive risk management strategies to minimize leakage risk. <o:p>
</o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Aptos",sans-serif"><img border="0" width="557" height="76" style="width:5.802in;height:.7916in" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image002.png@01DB9E4E.72676CE0" alt="Engineered For What's Next"></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:135%;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ligatures:none"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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