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<p align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;margin-top:2.45pt;margin-right:110.95pt;
margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:110.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center">
<span style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Doctoral<span style="letter-spacing:-.85pt">
</span>Dissertation<span style="letter-spacing:
-.85pt"> </span>Defense<span style="letter-spacing:-.8pt">
</span>Announcement</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<p align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;margin-top:8.2pt;margin-right:25.45pt;
margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:25.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;
line-height:149%">
<b><span style="font-size:15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:
"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">COMPOSITE STEEL PLATE
<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">CONCRETE</span> (SC) <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">
STRUCTURES:</span><span style="letter-spacing:
1.65pt"> </span>THEORY AND <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">
EXPERIMENT</span></span></b><span style="font-size:15.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<h1 align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 110.9pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri;margin-top:.3pt;margin-right:110.95pt;margin-bottom:
0in;margin-left:110.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center">
Jamshaid<span style="letter-spacing:-.85pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Sawab</span><span style="font-weight:normal"></span></h1>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;margin-top:1.4pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:6.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt">
<b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Date:<span style="letter-spacing:-.35pt">
</span></span></b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Monday,<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span>April<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">29</span></span><span style="font-size:7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; top:-4.5pt; mso-text-raise:
4.5pt; letter-spacing:-.05pt">th</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:
11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; top:-4.5pt; mso-text-raise:4.5pt; letter-spacing:.65pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">2019</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;margin-top:6.3pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:5.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt">
<b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";letter-spacing:-.05pt">Time:</span></b><b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span></b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">10:00<span style="letter-spacing:
-.25pt">
</span>AM<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"> </span>–<span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">12:00</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span>PM</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 5.95pt; text-indent: 14.2pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";margin-top:6.35pt;text-indent:0in">
<b>Location:<span style="letter-spacing:-.5pt"></span></b>Civil<span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt">
</span>&<span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Environmental</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt">
</span>Engineering<span style="letter-spacing:
-.45pt"> </span>Conference<span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt">
</span>Room</p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;margin-top:6.3pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:5.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt">
<b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Committee<span style="letter-spacing:-.35pt">
</span>chair:<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"></span></span></b><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi">Dr.<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>Y.<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"> </span>L.<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>Mo</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 5.95pt; text-indent: 14.2pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";margin-top:6.25pt;margin-right:27.5pt;margin-bottom:
0in;margin-left:105.2pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-99.25pt;line-height:
114%">
<b><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Committee</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">members:</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span></b>Dr.<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Thomas</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.3pt">
</span>T.<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span>C.<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span>Hsu,<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"> </span>Dr.<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span>Gangbing<span style="letter-spacing:-.35pt"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Song,</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.3pt">
</span>Dr.<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span>Mohammad<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>Y.<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span>Mansour,<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt;
mso-font-width:99%"> </span>Dr.<span style="letter-spacing:-.5pt">
</span>Arghadeep<span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt"> </span>Laskar</p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;margin-top:.2pt">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<h1 align="center" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 110.9pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri;margin-right:110.95pt;text-align:center">
<span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;letter-spacing:-.05pt">ABSTRACT</span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:normal"></span></h1>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 5.95pt; text-indent: 14.2pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";margin-top:6.8pt;margin-right:5.8pt;margin-bottom:
0in;margin-left:5.95pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:
107%">
<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Composite</span><span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">
</span>Steel<span style="letter-spacing:.35pt"> </span>plate<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Concrete</span><span style="letter-spacing:.35pt">
</span>(SC)<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt"> </span>structural<span style="letter-spacing:.35pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">system</span><span style="letter-spacing:.2pt">
</span>has<span style="letter-spacing:.35pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">gained</span><span style="letter-spacing:.4pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">popularity</span><span style="letter-spacing:
.35pt">
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt"> </span>an<span style="letter-spacing:.35pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">advanced</span><span style="letter-spacing:.25pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">modular</span><span style="letter-spacing:4.55pt;mso-font-width:99%">
</span>construction<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt"> </span>technique<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt"></span>owing<span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing:
.1pt"> </span>its<span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">many</span><span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">
</span>advantages.<span style="letter-spacing:.1pt"> </span>Recently, they<span style="letter-spacing:
.15pt">
</span>have<span style="letter-spacing:.1pt"> </span>been<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>used<span style="letter-spacing:.1pt"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">make</span><span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">an</span><span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">
</span>efficient<span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt;
mso-font-width:99%"> </span>structural<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">system</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">
</span>for<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">important</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">structures,</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">such</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> </span>nuclear<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">containment.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span>The<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"> </span>use<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"> </span>SC<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span>structures<span style="letter-spacing:
-.1pt"> </span>has<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">
</span>been<span style="letter-spacing:3.55pt;mso-font-width:99%"> </span>reported in<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Small</span> Modular<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">Reactors</span><span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>(SMR), pressurized<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">water</span>
<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">reactors</span><span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">
</span>new<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt"> </span>generation<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt"> </span>nuclear<span style="letter-spacing:2.35pt;mso-font-width:99%">
</span>power<span style="letter-spacing:-.6pt"> </span>plants.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;margin-top:.45pt">
<span style="font-size:11.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 5.95pt; text-indent: 14.2pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";margin-right:5.75pt;text-align:justify;line-height:
107%">
The<span style="letter-spacing:1.15pt"> </span>design<span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">such</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.15pt">
</span>large,<span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">important</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">and</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">complex</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.15pt">
</span>structures<span style="letter-spacing:
1.2pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">requires</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt">
</span>engineers<span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt"></span>to<span style="letter-spacing:1.15pt">
</span>know<span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing:2.75pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>behavior/response<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt"></span>under<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt"> </span>applied<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt">
</span>stresses.<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing:.55pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">wall-</span><span style="letter-spacing:.6pt">
</span>or<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">shell-type</span><span style="letter-spacing:.45pt">
</span>SC<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">structure</span><span style="letter-spacing:.5pt"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">can</span><span style="letter-spacing:
.55pt">
</span>be<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">discretized</span><span style="letter-spacing:
.5pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">as</span><span style="letter-spacing:.5pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">an</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.6pt;mso-font-width:99%">
</span>assemblage<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">simple</span><span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">elements.</span><span style="letter-spacing:.1pt"></span>If<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing:
.05pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">behavior</span><span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt"> </span>one <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">
element</span><span style="letter-spacing:
.05pt"> </span>corresponding<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>applied<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">stress</span><span style="letter-spacing:.1pt">
</span>state<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt"> </span>is<span style="letter-spacing:3.05pt;mso-font-width:99%">
</span>well-understood,<span style="letter-spacing:.45pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">the</span><span style="letter-spacing:.5pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">response</span><span style="letter-spacing:.5pt">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing:.45pt"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">entire</span><span style="letter-spacing:.5pt">
</span>structure<span style="letter-spacing:.45pt"></span>can<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt">
</span>be<span style="letter-spacing:
.5pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">predicted</span><span style="letter-spacing:.5pt">
</span>by<span style="letter-spacing:.55pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">mechanics</span><span style="letter-spacing:.5pt"></span>principles<span style="letter-spacing:.45pt">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing:.5pt"> </span>finite<span style="letter-spacing:2.85pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>element<span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt"> </span>method.<span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt">
</span>A<span style="letter-spacing:-.4pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">mechanics-based</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.45pt">
</span>SC<span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Membrane</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.4pt"></span>Model<span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt">
</span>(SC-MM)<span style="letter-spacing:-.45pt"> </span>has<span style="letter-spacing:-.4pt">
</span>been<span style="letter-spacing:-.5pt"> </span>proposed<span style="letter-spacing:-.4pt"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">for</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.45pt">
</span>predicting<span style="letter-spacing:-.4pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">the</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>response<span style="letter-spacing:-.35pt"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span>SC<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span>wall-type<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">structures.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">The</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">model</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">satisfies</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">mechanics</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">principles,</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">treats</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">cracked</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">concrete</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">as</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing:2.25pt;
mso-font-width:99%"> </span>continuous<span style="letter-spacing:2.05pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">material</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.05pt"></span>and<span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt">
</span>utilizes<span style="letter-spacing:2.05pt"> </span>realistic<span style="letter-spacing:
2.05pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">constitutive</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">material</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.15pt">
</span>laws<span style="letter-spacing:2.05pt"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing:2.05pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">steel</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt">
</span>plate<span style="letter-spacing:2.05pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">and</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.05pt">
</span>concrete.<span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt"> </span>The<span style="letter-spacing:3.05pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>application<span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.75pt">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt"> </span>SC-MM<span style="letter-spacing:-.6pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">model</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">depends</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt">
</span>on<span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt">
</span>development<span style="letter-spacing:
-.65pt"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt"> </span>set<span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt"> </span>realistic<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt"></span>constitutive<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt">
</span>material<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt"> </span>laws<span style="letter-spacing:1.1pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>for<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span>steel<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span>plate<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt">
</span>concrete.</p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri;margin-top:.45pt">
<span style="font-size:11.5pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 5.95pt; text-indent: 14.2pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";margin-right:5.75pt;text-align:justify;line-height:
107%">
The<span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">constitutive</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">material</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.15pt"></span>laws<span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">and</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt">
</span>behavior<span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing:2.05pt">
</span>SC<span style="letter-spacing:2.0pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">elements</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt">
</span>were<span style="letter-spacing:2.05pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">experimentally</span><span style="letter-spacing:
2.2pt">
</span>investigated<span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">by</span><span style="letter-spacing:3.75pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>conducting<span style="letter-spacing:-.95pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">in-plane</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.9pt"></span>uniaxial<span style="letter-spacing:-.95pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">tension</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.9pt"></span>and<span style="letter-spacing:-.95pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">compression</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.9pt">
</span>tests,<span style="letter-spacing:-.95pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">in-plane</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.9pt">
</span>pure<span style="letter-spacing:-.95pt"> </span>shear<span style="letter-spacing:-.9pt">
</span>tests,<span style="letter-spacing:-.95pt"></span>and<span style="letter-spacing:-.9pt">
</span>out-of-plane<span style="letter-spacing:-.95pt"> </span>shear<span style="letter-spacing:2.95pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>tests.<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>total<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"></span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>four<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">experimental</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">programs</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">
</span>were<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span>designed,<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>which<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">comprised</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"> </span>33<span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">
</span>large-scale<span style="letter-spacing:
-.2pt"> </span>specimens.<span style="letter-spacing:2.65pt;mso-font-width:
99%">
</span>The<span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt"> </span>failure<span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">mechanisms</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.6pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">and</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.6pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">applicability</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.65pt">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing:1.5pt"> </span>design<span style="letter-spacing:1.6pt">
</span>codes<span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt"> </span>and<span style="letter-spacing:1.5pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">guidelines</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.6pt">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt"> </span>estimate<span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt"> </span>out-of-plane<span style="letter-spacing:3.05pt;mso-font-width:99%">
</span>capacities<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt"> </span>were<span style="letter-spacing:1.0pt">
</span>investigated.<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt"> </span>A<span style="letter-spacing:1.0pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">desired</span><span style="letter-spacing:.95pt"></span>out-of-plane<span style="letter-spacing:.9pt">
</span>failure<span style="letter-spacing:1.05pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">mechanism</span><span style="letter-spacing:.9pt">
</span>such<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">as</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.05pt">
</span>flexure<span style="letter-spacing:1.0pt"> </span>or<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">shear</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.0pt">
</span>can<span style="letter-spacing:1.0pt"> </span>be<span style="letter-spacing:1.55pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>attained<span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">only</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt">
</span>if<span style="letter-spacing:2.5pt"> </span>the<span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">provided</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.5pt"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">composite</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt">
</span>action<span style="letter-spacing:2.5pt"></span>is<span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">sufficient,</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">without</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.5pt"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">which</span><span style="letter-spacing:
2.35pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">‘debonding’,</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt"> </span>failure<span style="letter-spacing:4.35pt;mso-font-width:99%">
</span>mechanism<span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt"> </span>associated<span style="letter-spacing:
2.45pt">
</span>with<span style="letter-spacing:2.5pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">composite</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.5pt"></span>action,<span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">would</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt">
</span>govern.<span style="letter-spacing:2.5pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">Analytical</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">models</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">for</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.5pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">the</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.4pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">stress-strain</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.2pt;mso-font-width:99%">
</span>relationships<span style="letter-spacing:-.75pt"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt">
</span>concrete<span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt">
</span>in-plane<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">tension</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt">
</span>and<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">compression,</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.65pt">
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt"> </span>well<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt">
</span>as<span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt"> </span>for<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt"> </span>steel<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt">
</span>plate<span style="letter-spacing:-.7pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">stiffened</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.65pt"></span>through<span style="letter-spacing:2.35pt;mso-font-width:99%">
</span>tie<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> </span>bars<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">
</span>are<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt"> </span>proposed.<span style="letter-spacing:
-.1pt">
</span>The<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt"> </span>concrete<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt"> cracking</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"></span>strength<span style="letter-spacing:-.15pt">
</span>is<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt"> affected</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"></span>by<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt"> </span>presence of<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">
</span>tie<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> </span>bars.<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">
</span>Post-cracking<span style="letter-spacing:1.6pt;mso-font-width:99%"> </span>
tensile<span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">stresses</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt">
</span>in<span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">concrete</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">are</span><span style="letter-spacing:
1.25pt">
</span>found<span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt"> </span>to<span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt">
</span>be<span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt"> </span>a<span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt">
</span>function<span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt"></span>of<span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing:
1.25pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">composite</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt">
</span>action<span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt"></span>between<span style="letter-spacing:1.25pt">
</span>steel<span style="letter-spacing:1.2pt"> </span>plate<span style="letter-spacing:1.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">and</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.75pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>concrete<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt"> </span>through<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">
</span>tie<span style="letter-spacing:.35pt"> </span>bars.<span style="letter-spacing:.35pt">
</span>The<span style="letter-spacing:.35pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">so-called</span><span style="letter-spacing:.35pt"></span>“softening<span style="letter-spacing:.35pt">
</span>effect”<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing:.25pt">
</span>concrete<span style="letter-spacing:.35pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">could</span><span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">
</span>be<span style="letter-spacing:.35pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">mitigated</span><span style="letter-spacing:.35pt"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">by</span><span style="letter-spacing:
.45pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">the</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.25pt;mso-font-width:99%">
</span>confinement<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt"> </span>effect<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">
</span>present<span style="letter-spacing:.4pt"> </span>in<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">steel</span><span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">
</span>plate<span style="letter-spacing:.25pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">elements.</span><span style="letter-spacing:.3pt">
</span>The<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">stress-strain</span><span style="letter-spacing:
.4pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">curve</span><span style="letter-spacing:.25pt">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">steel</span><span style="letter-spacing:.25pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">plate</span><span style="letter-spacing:.25pt">
</span>in<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">an</span><span style="letter-spacing:.2pt">
</span>SC<span style="letter-spacing:.3pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">element</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.1pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>does not <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">exhibit</span> a<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>distinct<span style="letter-spacing:
-.1pt"> </span>yield<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt"> point</span>
<span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">and</span><span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>the <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">apparent</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.1pt">
</span>yield stress is found <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">to</span><span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>be<span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"> </span>a function<span style="letter-spacing:.05pt">
</span>of<span style="letter-spacing:
-.1pt"> </span>the <span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">
amount</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.45pt;mso-font-width:99%"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">of</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">tie</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">bars.</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>The<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">stress-strain</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt">
</span>curve<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>steel<span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> </span>plate<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>in<span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">compression</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.25pt">
</span>is<span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> </span>affected<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>by<span style="letter-spacing:-.2pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">buckling</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"></span>and<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:
-.05pt">is</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt">
</span>a<span style="letter-spacing:-.3pt"> </span>function<span style="letter-spacing:-.25pt"></span>of<span style="letter-spacing:2.55pt;mso-font-width:99%">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt"> </span>slenderness<span style="letter-spacing:
.95pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">limit.</span><span style="letter-spacing:.95pt">
</span>Slenderness<span style="letter-spacing:
.95pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">limit</span><span style="letter-spacing:1.0pt">
</span>is<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt"> </span>proposed<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt">
</span>to<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt"> </span>avoid<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt">
</span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">local</span><span style="letter-spacing:.95pt">
</span>buckling<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt"></span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">before</span><span style="letter-spacing:
.95pt">
</span>yielding<span style="letter-spacing:.9pt"> </span>of<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt">
</span>the<span style="letter-spacing:.95pt"> </span><span style="letter-spacing:-.05pt">steel</span><span style="letter-spacing:2.25pt;
mso-font-width:99%">
</span>plates.</p>
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