<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 14 (filtered medium)"><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Times;
panose-1:2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:8.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
line-height:106%;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
h1
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 1 Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:12.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:0in;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
h2
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 2 Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:21.75pt;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:-21.75pt;
line-height:200%;
mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
h3
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 3 Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:0in;
line-height:200%;
mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
text-decoration:underline;}
h3.CxSpFirst
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 3 Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:0in;
line-height:200%;
mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
text-decoration:underline;}
h3.CxSpMiddle
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 3 Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:0in;
line-height:200%;
mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
text-decoration:underline;}
h3.CxSpLast
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 3 Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:0in;
line-height:200%;
mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
text-decoration:underline;}
h4
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 4 Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:0in;
line-height:200%;
mso-list:l0 level4 lfo1;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#151515;
font-style:italic;}
h4.CxSpFirst
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 4 Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:0in;
line-height:200%;
mso-list:l0 level4 lfo1;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#151515;
font-style:italic;}
h4.CxSpMiddle
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 4 Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:0in;
line-height:200%;
mso-list:l0 level4 lfo1;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#151515;
font-style:italic;}
h4.CxSpLast
{mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 4 Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
text-align:justify;
text-indent:0in;
line-height:200%;
mso-list:l0 level4 lfo1;
text-autospace:none;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#151515;
font-style:italic;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-link:"List Paragraph Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:8.0pt;
margin-left:.5in;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:106%;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-link:"List Paragraph Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:106%;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-link:"List Paragraph Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:106%;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
p.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, li.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast, div.MsoListParagraphCxSpLast
{mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-link:"List Paragraph Char";
mso-style-type:export-only;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:8.0pt;
margin-left:.5in;
mso-add-space:auto;
line-height:106%;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
span.EmailStyle17
{mso-style-type:personal-compose;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:windowtext;}
span.Heading1Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 1 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 1";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.Heading2Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 2 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 2";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;}
span.Heading3Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 3 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 3";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
font-weight:bold;
text-decoration:underline;}
span.Heading4Char
{mso-style-name:"Heading 4 Char";
mso-style-priority:9;
mso-style-link:"Heading 4";
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
color:#151515;
font-weight:bold;
font-style:italic;}
span.ListParagraphChar
{mso-style-name:"List Paragraph Char";
mso-style-priority:34;
mso-style-link:"List Paragraph";}
span.EndNoteBibliographyChar
{mso-style-name:"EndNote Bibliography Char";
mso-style-link:"EndNote Bibliography";
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
p.EndNoteBibliography, li.EndNoteBibliography, div.EndNoteBibliography
{mso-style-name:"EndNote Bibliography";
mso-style-link:"EndNote Bibliography Char";
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:8.0pt;
margin-left:0in;
text-align:justify;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:1146243576;
mso-list-template-ids:284705630;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-style-link:"Heading 1";
mso-level-text:"CHAPTER %1";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:26.25pt;
text-indent:-21.75pt;
mso-text-animation:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-line-through:none;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-style-link:"Heading 2";
mso-level-text:"%1\.%2";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:21.75pt;
text-indent:-21.75pt;
mso-text-animation:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-line-through:none;}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-start-at:3;
mso-level-style-link:"Heading 3";
mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:.5in;
text-indent:-.5in;
mso-text-animation:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-line-through:none;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-style-link:"Heading 4";
mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:.5in;
text-indent:-.5in;
mso-text-animation:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-line-through:none;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:.75in;
text-indent:-.75in;
mso-text-animation:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-line-through:none;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:.75in;
text-indent:-.75in;
mso-text-animation:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-line-through:none;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:1.0in;
text-indent:-1.0in;
mso-text-animation:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-line-through:none;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.%8";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:1.0in;
text-indent:-1.0in;
mso-text-animation:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-line-through:none;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-text:"%1\.%2\.%3\.%4\.%5\.%6\.%7\.%8\.%9";
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
margin-left:1.25in;
text-indent:-1.25in;
mso-text-animation:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none;
text-decoration:none;
text-line-through:none;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><b>Ph.D. Dissertation Defense for Isis Mejias: July 21, 2014 at 9a<br>Location: Civil and Environmental Engineering Conference Room<o:p></o:p></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><h1 align=center style='text-align:center;mso-list:none'><a name="_Toc392497980">Abstract</a><o:p></o:p></h1><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:200%'>In 2012, the World Health Organization estimated that about 11% of the world’s population does not have access to clean water and about 1.6 million deaths are caused by contaminated water annually. Even though there are several drinking water treatment technologies available today, they are not widely distributed or suitable for all types of water contamination because they have different treatment efficiencies and costs. For instance, chemical precipitation for heavy metal removal is effective only when the metal concentration is low; while other methods require long contact times, are ineffective at low metal concentrations between 1-100 mg/L, and are, in most cases, expensive because they require energy or chemical product consumption <sup>[</sup><a href="file:///C:\Users\Isis\Documents\U%20of%20H\ENVE%20PhD\PhD%20Thesis\Doctoral%20Dissertation_Isis%20Mejias-Rev2.docx#_ENREF_1" title="Wang, 2009 #8"><sup>1</sup></a><sup>, </sup><a href="file:///C:\Users\Isis\Documents\U%20of%20H\ENVE%20PhD\PhD%20Thesis\Doctoral%20Dissertation_Isis%20Mejias-Rev2.docx#_ENREF_2" title="Lewis, 2010 #11"><sup>2</sup></a><sup>]</sup>. Biological treatment methods, such as thermal, ozonation, and UV are expensive methods and therefore are not suitable for developing countries. The traditional disinfectants are cheaper, however, they produce carcinogenic disinfectant byproducts (DBPs)<sup>[</sup><a href="file:///C:\Users\Isis\Documents\U%20of%20H\ENVE%20PhD\PhD%20Thesis\Doctoral%20Dissertation_Isis%20Mejias-Rev2.docx#_ENREF_3" title="Li, 2008 #2"><sup>3</sup></a><sup>]</sup>. Thus, alternative economical and efficient methods for the removal of heavy metals and biological water contaminants are urgently needed.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height:200%'>In the present study we compared the application of nanotechnology and biotechnology for water treatment. The nanotechnology investigation involved the following carbon based nanomaterials: graphene oxide (GO), graphene oxide functionalized with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (GO-EDTA), and the nanocomposite GO-poly(N-vinyl carbazole) (GO-PVK). The results showed different anti-microbial properties for these nanomaterials in the following order PVK-GO>GO-EDTA>GO. In the case of heavy metal removal, GO-EDTA was more efficient than GO. Additionally, none of these nanomaterials presented human toxicity against the human corneal epithelial cell line hTCEpi. The lack of toxicity to human cells makes these materials promising for water treatment.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height:200%'>The application of biotechnology for water treatment was investigated using an environmental consortium obtained from the metal-contaminated Tietê River sediment in São Paulo, Brazil. This investigation focused on heavy metal removal since several prior studies have demonstrated the application of microorganisms in filtration systems for pathogen removal from water, but little is known about their ability to remove heavy metals. The consortium, in the present study, was characterized by 16S rRNA metagenomics to determine its structure and diversity and evaluated for its copper and zinc removal functions. The combination of biodiversity analysis with metal removal function demonstrated that it is possible to use microorganisms from heavily contaminated environments as metal biosorbents to enhance current low-cost treatment methods. Additionally, this work demonstrated that biotechnology can potentially be more efficient than nanotechnology in certain heavy metal water treatment applications.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.25in;line-height:200%'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=EndNoteBibliography style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a name="_ENREF_1">1. Wang, J. L.; Chen, C., Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future. <i>Biotechnol Adv </i><b>2009,</b> <i>27</i>, (2), 195-226.</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=EndNoteBibliography style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'><a name="_ENREF_2">2. Lewis, A. E., Review of metal sulphide precipitation. <i>Hydrometallurgy </i><b>2010,</b> <i>104</i>, (2), 222-234.</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=EndNoteBibliography><a name="_ENREF_3">3. Li, Q.; Mahendra, S.; Lyon, D. Y.; Brunet, L.; Liga, M. V.; Li, D.; Alvarez, P. J., Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: potential applications and implications. <i>Water Res </i><b>2008,</b> <i>42</i>, (18), 4591-602.</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>