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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=titlechapter align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#002060'>Ph.D. Defense Announcement<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=titlechapter align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"'>Eliedonna Cacao</span><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#002060'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:center;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"'>Friday, July 22, 2011<span style='color:#002060'>, </span>10:00 AM<span style='color:#002060'>, </span>Mechanical Engineering Large Conference Room (Room 202)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:150%'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"'>Advisors: </span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Goudy Old Style","serif"'>Dr. R. Willson & Dr. Paul Ruchhoeft</span><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>ENZYMATIC DARKENING AND SILVER STAINING:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:normal'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Application in microfluidic micro-retroreflector-based<span style='color:#002060'> </span>heterogeneous immunoassays<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=yiv1646570845msonormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'>Micro-fabricated retroreflectors, which reflect light directly back to its source, potentially represent an attractive and economical new form of read-out for immunoassays. They are readily detectable, their signals can be easily measured with simple cheap optics, they are fabricated in vast numbers using scalable, inexpensive lithographic techniques, and they are well-suited for automated analysis.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=yiv1646570845msonormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'>One implementation of retroreflectors in bioassays is to modulate their brightness using light scatterers that accumulate in the presence of analyte. For this work, enzymatic darkening and silver staining were adapted to alter micro-retroreflector brightness by depositing insoluble precipitates. In enzymatic darkening, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and bromochloroindolyl-phosphate-nitroblue-tetrazolium were used, while three silver staining systems, gold nanoparticle-nucleated, horseradish peroxidase-mediated and AP-mediated, were investigated.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=yiv1646570845msonormal style='text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in;line-height:150%'>Two distinct retroreflecting geometries were investigated, one consisting of four discrete reflectors (tetrads) and the other consisting of long, linear reflectors embedded in a planar polymer. To use the tetrad structures, a unique helium ion beam passivation step was developed that left only one retroreflecting surface active while passivating the remaining surfaces with extremely high contrast. Results using these retroreflectors showed the selective deposition of chromophore and silver particles at sites where enzymes or gold nanoparticles were present, and allowed for the detection of <span class=yshortcuts>Norwalk</span> virus-like particles and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) bacteria from solution. The linear retroreflectors were developed to overcome fluid-flow challenges around the three-dimensional tetrad reflectors and allow for the detection of analyte over much large surface areas. An automated silver staining assay, integrated into a microfluidic system, was developed for the detection of individual <i>E. coli</i> bacteria.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify'><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>